Sojourner Truth Quotes

Sojourner Truth Quotes Sojourner Truth was born a slave and became a popular spokesperson for abolition, womens rights, and temperance. A history-maker from the start - she was the first black woman to win a court case against a white man when she won custody of her son after running away - she became one of the eras best known figures. Her famous Aint I a Woman? speech is known in several variants, because Sojourner Truth herself did not write it down; all copies of the speech come from secondhand sources at best. It was delivered at the Womens Convention in Akron, Ohio on May 29, 1851, and was first published in the Anti-Slavery Bugle on June 21, 1851. Truths public life and remarks contained many quotations that have endured throughout time. Selected Sojourner Truth Quotations And aint I a woman?There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights, but not a word about the colored women; and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before. So I am for keeping the thing going while things are stirring; because if we wait till it is still, it will take a great while to get it going again. Equal Rights Convention, New York, 1867It is the mind that makes the body.If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them.Truth burns up error.Where did your Christ come from? From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him.Religion without humanity is poor human stuff. Two Versions, One Speech Truths most famous speech, Aint I A Woman, was passed down through history in a decidedly different version than the one she originally delivered. During the American Civil War, her remarks regained popularity and was republished in 1863 by Frances Dana Barker Gage. This version was translated into a stereotypical dialect of slaves from the South, whereas Truth herself was raised in New York and spoke Dutch as a first language. Gage also embellished Truths original remarks, exaggerating claims (for instance, claiming that Truth had had thirteen children when the real Truth had five). Gages version includes a framing device depicting a hostile crowd won over by Truths almost miraculous speech. It also contrasts the regular English spoken by bystanders with the heavy dialect of Gages version of Truth: Dat man ober dar say dat womin needs to be helped into carriages, and lifted ober ditches, and to hab de best place everywhar. Nobody eber helps me into carriages, or ober mud-puddles, or gibs me any best place! And raising herself to her full height, and her voice to a pitch like rolling thunders, she asked And ant I a woman? Look at me! Look at me! Look at my arm! (and she bared her right arm to the shoulder, showing her tremendous muscular power). I have ploughed, and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ant I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man - when I could get it - and bear de lash a well! And ant I a woman? I have borne thirteen chilern, and seen em mos all sold off to slavery, and when I cried out with my mothers grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ant I a woman?  Ã‚   In contrast, the original transcription, written down by Marius Robinson (who attended the convention where Truth spoke), depicts Truth as speaking standard American English, without markers of an accent or dialect. The same passage reads: I want to say a few words about this matter. I am a womans rights. I have as much muscle as any man, and can do as much work as any man. I have plowed and reaped and husked and chopped and mowed, and can any man do more than that? I have heard much about the sexes being equal. I can carry as much as any man, and can eat as much too, if I can get it. I am as strong as any man that is now. As for intellect, all I can say is, if a woman have a pint, and a man a quart – why cant she have her little pint full? You need not be afraid to give us our rights for fear we will take too much, – for we cant take more than our pintll hold. The poor men seems to be all in confusion, and dont know what to do. Why children, if you have womans rights, give it to her and you will feel better. You will have your own rights, and they wont be so much trouble. I cant read, but I can hear. I have heard the Bible and have learned that Eve caused man to sin. Well, if woman upset the world, do gi ve her a chance to set it right side up again. Sources History of Woman Suffrage, ed.  Elizabeth Cady Stanton,  Susan B. Anthony, and  Matilda Joslyn Gage, 2nd ed., Rochester, NY: 1889.Mabee, Carleton, and Susan Mabee Newhouse.  Sojourner Truth: Slave, Prophet, Legend. NYU Press, 1995.

Definition of Quarks in Physics

Definition of Quarks in Physics A quark is one of the fundamental particles in physics. They join to form hadrons, such as protons and neutrons, which are components of the nuclei of atoms. The study of quarks and the interactions between them through the strong force is called particle physics. The antiparticle of a quark is the antiquark. Quarks and antiquarks are the only two fundamental particles that interact through all four fundamental forces of physics: gravitation, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak interactions. Quarks and Confinement A quark exhibits confinement, which means that the quarks are not observed independently but always in combination with other quarks. This makes determining the properties (mass, spin, and parity) impossible to measure directly; these traits must be inferred from the particles composed of them. These measurements indicate a non-integer spin (either 1/2 or -1/2), so quarks are fermions and follow the Pauli Exclusion Principle. In the strong interaction between quarks, they exchange gluons, which are massless vector gauge bosons that carry a pair of color and anticolor charges. When exchanging gluons, the color of the quarks change. This color force is weakest when the quarks are close together and becomes stronger as they move apart. Quarks are so strongly bound by the color force that if there is enough energy to separate them, a quark-antiquark pair is produced and binds with any free quark to produce a hadron. As a result, free quarks are never seen alone. Flavors of Quarks There are six flavors of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom, and top. The flavor of the quark determines its properties. Quarks with a charge of (2/3)e are called up-type quarks, and those with a charge of -(1/3)e are called down-type. There are three generations of quarks, based on pairs of weak positive/negative, weak isospin. The first generation quarks  are up and down quarks, the second-generation quarks  are strange, and  charm quarks, the third generation quarks are top and  bottom quarks. All quarks have a baryon number (B 1/3) and a lepton number (L 0). The flavor determines certain other unique properties, described in individual descriptions. The up and down quarks make up protons and neutrons, seen in the nucleus of ordinary matter. They are the lightest and most stable. The heavier quarks are produced in high-energy collisions and rapidly decay into up and down quarks.  A proton is composed of two up quarks and a down quark. A neutron is composed of one up quark and two down quarks. First-Generation Quarks Up quark (symbol u) Weak Isospin: 1/2Isospin (Iz): 1/2Charge (proportion of e): 2/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 1.5 to 4.0   Down quark (symbol d) Weak Isospin: -1/2Isospin (Iz): -1/2Charge (proportion of e): -1/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 4 to 8   Second Generation Quarks Charm quark (symbol c) Weak Isospin: 1/2Charm (C): 1Charge (proportion of e): 2/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 1150 to 1350   Strange quark (symbol s) Weak Isospin: -1/2Strangeness (S): -1Charge (proportion of e): -1/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 80 to 130   Third Generation Quarks Top quark (symbol t) Weak Isospin: 1/2Topness (T): 1Charge (proportion of e): 2/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 170200 to 174800   Bottom quark (symbol b) Weak Isospin: -1/2Bottomness (B): 1Charge (proportion of e): -1/3Mass (in MeV/c2): 4100 to 4400